Refugee and Migrant Youth in Canada and the United States: Special Challenges and Healthcare Issues

Abstract

This chapter addresses the experiences and health conditions of refugee and migrant adolescents and families after their arrival in the United States and Canada. Using a socio-ecological framework, the chapter provides an overview of health challenges at the individual, family, and community level. Infectious and noninfectious health conditions, mental health, and psychosocial considerations of the migration experience, and barriers to access to care are reviewed. Challenges of vulnerable populations, including young women and LGBT youth, and protections available in Canada and the United States are reviewed. The experience of xenophobic and racial discrimination is explored, as well as the potential benefits of migration. Threats to the health of children, youth, and parents experienced by new US policies directed at migrants and refugees fleeing violence from Central America are reviewed. Available healthcare resources and barriers to access in host countries are described. Clinical guidelines for history taking, interviewing, the use of interpreters, and continued engagement of parents and families are included. Successful community programs with an emphasis on engagement in education, schools, and community organizations are highlighted. A framework for inclusive programming, based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization and the United Nations, is included.