An efficient routing protocol via depth adjustment and energy gradation in underwater wireless sensor networks

Abstract

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) provide the wide range of aquatic applications. The limited bandwidth, long propagation delay, energy consumption, high manufacturing, and deployment costs are many challenges in the domain of UWSNs. In this paper, we present the two techniques i.e., energy gradation (EG) and depth adjustment (DA) in without the number of coronas. Firstly, the forwarder node determines the higher energy node and it is directly transmitted to sink; secondly, if the forwarder node occurs in transmission void region then the node moves to the new depth so that the data delivery ratio can be ensured effectively. Simulation results define that our proposed schemes show better performance in terms of energy efficiency, packet delivery ratio (PDR) and network lifetime etc.