Conjugate rifted margins width and asymmetry: The interplay between lithospheric strength and thermomechanical processes

Abstract

Numerical experiments have been used to relate the range in the distribution and the style of deformation observed in rifted margins to localizing/delocalizing thermomechanical processes. The experiments give rise to four end-members of margins for varying initial lithospheric strength and extension rates. The first two end-members are narrow and asymmetric and narrow and near-symmetric, conjugate margins. The third end-member is asymmetric conjugate margins, wherein one side is <100 km wide and the other is >100-300 km wide. Lastly, we explore wide rift systems that may form very asymmetric conjugate margins with one narrow margin and a very wide conjugate, 200 km to > 350 km across. With initial and boundary conditions close to that inferred from the North and South Atlantic margins, we find that not all margins experience a polyphase rifting history of stretching-thinning-exhumation. Instead, the stretching mode can be very short or protracted, and the thinning or the exhumation modes can be incomplete or absent. The deformation localization of the thinning mode is in places associated with the formation of a keystone block or "block H." A new mechanism for the formation of the unstable crustal root under block H is described, wherein the bounding border faults lead to differential thinning of the crust and mantle lithosphere. Nonuniform extension also occurs in both types of wide rift systems and is related to the sequential deformation migration outward of an initial graben, associated with effective lithospheric strengthening that occurs during crustal thinning and bending.