Effect of sintering process on color parameters of nano-sized yttria partially stabilized tetragonal monolithic zirconia

Abstract

Background: Sintering process is responsible for aesthetic of zirconia restoration. This study evaluated the effect of different sintering temperatures and sintered-holding times on color parameters of monolithic zirconia. Material and methods: One hundred and thirty five zirconia bar specimens (width-length-thickness = 10×20×1.5 mm) were prepared from yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) ceramic and randomly divided into nine groups to be sintered at different temperatures [decreasing- (SD, 1350°C), regular- (SR, 1450°C), and increasing- (SI, 1550°C) sintering temperature] and different sintered-holding times [shortening- (HS, 60 min), regular- (HR, 120 min), and prolonged- (HP, 180 min) sintered-holding time]. Color appearance (ΔE), translucency parameter (TP), contrast ratio (CR), and opalescence parameter (OP) were determined with spectrophotometer. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's multiple comparisons were used to determine for statistically significant difference of color parameters (α=0.05). Crystal sizes were microscopically examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and phase composition of zirconia was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results: The mean±sd for ΔE, TP, CR, OP were 82.28±1.27, 1.4±0.13, 0.982±0.004, 1.25±0.15 for SDHS, 78.38±0.74, 2.16±0.10, 0.967±0.005, 1.90±0.11 for SDHR, 74.43±0.91, 2.24±0.10, 0.964±0.004, 1.94±0.09 for SDHP, 76.31±1.22, 3.03±0.10, 0.945±0.003, 2,50±0.09 for SRHS, 74.51±1.27, 3.19±0.17, 0.942±0.003, 2.65±0.16 for SRHR, 73.94±0.49, 3.42±0.10, 0.937±0.003, 2,83±0.09 for SRHP, 76.30±0.43, 3.16±0.09, 0.937±0.002, 2.48±0.09 for SIHS 76.73±1.15, 3.05±0.20, 0.939±0.005, 2.38±0.17 for SIHR, and 75.32±1.37, 2.95±0.18, 0.942±0.006, 2.33±0.15 for SIHP. The ΔE, TR, CR, and OP were significantly affected by altering sintering temperatures and holding times (p < 0.05). Increasing sintering temperature and extending sintering time significantly improved color appearance, translucency, contrast, and opalescence of Y-TZP (p < 0.05) as evidenced by enlarging grain size and increasing t→m phase shift. Conclusions: Raising sintering temperature and prolonging sintering time lead to better color appearance, translucency, contrast and opalescence of nano-sized monolithic Y-TZP, and are suggested for sintering process.