The Hydrological and Policy Contexts for Water in Canada

Abstract

The chapter focuses on the hydrological and policy contexts for water in Canada. Regarding the hydrological context, attention focuses upon available water quantity and quality related to the needs of humans and other living species; and, situations related to floods, droughts, wetlands and permafrost, especially in the context of anticipated climate change. Specific examples highlight the complexity and uncertainty involved. With regard to the policy context, consideration first is given to arrangements for the authority and responsibilities of the federal, provincial, territorial and municipal governments, as well as Indigenous peoples. Other aspects considered are the steady reduction in the federal commitment to, and engagement in, water illustrated by the federal water policy, flood damage reduction program, experimental lakes research area, and the ‘war on science’. A final matter addressed is the concept of water as a basic human right, with attention to evolution of thinking both internationally and within Canada. It is essential to have data, knowledge and appreciation for the hydrological reality across the nation, as well as of actions at various spatial scales to facilitate or limit such understanding. Context for policy is also very important. In particular, it is important to appreciate policy choices for related aspects, such as climate change.