Self-sufficient prefabricated modular housing: Passive systems integrated

Abstract

In recent years, the construction of efficient and sustainable housing has experienced a significant development, and it is thought that in the near future these criteria will be required in most new constructions. In this context, the architectural project includes the bioclimatic strategies to promote the energy saving and comfort. Spatial organization, zoning, and variability of form factor will be considered. By means of balancing plant-volume model, it can be adapted to a particular climate and remake the popular architectural tradition with nowadays technology (e.g., the Andalusian patio). The materials used should have fast regeneration, low environmental impact, and high durability. Ceramic or wood promote passive conditioning. Besides, they can be combined with new components such as phase change material that increases the thermal inertia. Its use to current constructive systems can be adapted in a flexible way to different places or uses. This research is based on the housing prototype "Patio 2.12" presented to the international competition Solar Decathlon Europe 2012, awarded with the second prize in the general ranking, the first prize in energy efficiency and energy balance, and the second prize in sustainability and innovation. Different architectural models are experienced that integrate the use of solar photovoltaics (PV) and "passive systems": The technological patio like a "buffer space" is an intermediate damper space of outdoor climate conditions that allows the control of solar incidence and the generation of drafts. It is constructed in two layers: the first one is glazed and also mobile, in order to open it or close it, and the second one consists of adjustable blades that provide shade. In winter, it causes a greenhouse effect, and during summer, it favors ventilation. Passive cooling by evapotranspiration or "jug effect" can cause the envelope to become an "active material"; in this case, the ceramic skin is breathable and incorporates an irrigation system that humidifies the ceramic pieces. When the water gets evaporated, the system absorbs the energy, cooling the cavity wall; the cool air is then recirculated into rooms through automated gates. Passive ventilation by solar chimney works by heating a volcanic rock on the roof, which generates a convection current that ventilates the module. It is not only to acclimatize the inside of the room but also to regulate the air quality. This chapter presents a study of an "open industrialized system" that comes from a spatial and constructive prefabricated modular system, based on compatible and interchangeable elements. The production in factory and the dry construction system used are advisable from a sustainable point of view because the quantity of waste generated during the manufacturing, assembly, and disassembly processes is minimized. Due to the utilization of supports over the ground, it is a construction without trace on landscape. Reuse of the living module responds to the economic sustainability claimed by nowadays society. The innovations presented can be applied in social housing, substandard housing, rehabilitation, eco-touristic housing, and the exportation of manufactured housing emergency.