Genre classification and the invariance of MFCC features to key and tempo

Abstract

Musical genre classification is a promising yet difficult task in the field of musical information retrieval. As a widely used feature in genre classification systems, MFCC is typically believed to encode timbral information, since it represents short-duration musical textures. In this paper, we investigate the invariance of MFCC to musical key and tempo, and show that MFCCs in fact encode both timbral and key information. We also show that musical genres, which should be independent of key, are in fact influenced by the fundamental keys of the instruments involved. As a result, genre classifiers based on the MFCC features will be influenced by the dominant keys of the genre, resulting in poor performance on songs in less common keys. We propose an approach to address this problem, which consists of augmenting classifier training and prediction with various key and tempo transformations of the songs. The resulting genre classifier is invariant to key, and thus more timbre-oriented, resulting in improved classification accuracy in our experiments. © 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.