Microbial endophytes: Future challenges

Abstract

Endophytes are represented by a diverse group of prokaryotic (bacteria or cyanobacteria) or eukaryotic (fungi or parasitic vascular plants) organisms that form lifelong associations within tissues of plants. Ecologically, these associations are viewed as mutualistic and as sources of secondary metabolites capable of serving as novel medicinals and agrichemicals. It is this area that serve to stimulate the large research investigations from all parts of the planet. The challenges as we see them are multifaceted. These include an understanding of the genetics nature of microbial endophytes, how endophytes communicate and partition themselves within hosts, how do these biotrophic organisms obtain nutrients, and are specific nutrient acquisitions key to the final effects observed? Further, are there basic difference between bacterial endophytes and fungal endophytes? What influence the host interactions to produce the desired effects, and how is the stability of the system affected. Thus, future challenges are dependent on identifying, delineating, dissecting, and defining the mechanisms whereby hosts and their symbionts accomplish this curious lifestyle. Defining these biological mechanisms will ensure the present and future successful technological applications of microbial endophytes.