Chronic kidney disease

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 1 in 10 of American adults and its incidence is increasing. Patients with CKD are at increased risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality even when adjusting for comorbid conditions such as hypertension and diabetes. Newer data show that even patients with mild to moderate renal disease, undergoing intermediate risk orthopedic and general surgery, have higher rates of morbidity and increased length of hospital stay. Nonetheless, patients with CKD can safely undergo surgery with appropriate medical management.