From duration and distance comparisons to goal encoding in prefrontal cortex

Abstract

Timing is a very abstract representation that shares with other magnitudes, such as numerosity, the peculiarity of being independent from any particular sensory modality. Not only we can time stimuli in different modalities but we can also compare the durations of different visual, auditory and somatosensory stimuli. Furthermore, even though time is not directly associated with space, and we are inclined to consider space and time as two different perceptual dimensions of our existence, an increasing number of studies challenge this idea by showing that timing and spatial processing have some relationship that involves sharing computation resources and that time may have a spatial representation. A more general theory, called theory of magnitude (ATOM), considers both timing and spatial computations, together with other magnitudes, as originating from a general magnitude system [Walsh VA, Trends Cogn Sci 7(11):483–8, 2003]. The neural underpinnings of time and its relationship to the processing of spatial information have started to be investigated only recently, but the field is rapidly growing. It is addressing the representation of time in several cortical and subcortical brain areas. Information processing of time and space are not strictly specialized in neural and cognitive mechanisms and we believe that studying them only separately may restrict our understanding of these processes. In this chapter, we will firstly introduce the role of the prefrontal cortex (PF) in coding relative durations. We will point out that the comparison of durations makes use of intermediate computations based on the order of the events. Secondly, we will describe the comparison mechanisms that are implemented by PF to make perceptual decisions about durations in relation to those involved in making decisions about spatial locations and distances. We will distinguish the decision processes from the goal choices, and we will examine which computational resources are shared between different magnitudes and which are domain-specific. We will summarize our results within the context of a more general PF function in promoting the generation of goals from the current context, consisting of domain- and modality-specific coding of stimuli of different modalities or magnitudes.