Microglial phenotypes and functions in multiple sclerosis

Abstract

Microglia are the resident immune cells that constantly survey the central nervous system. They can adapt to their environment and respond to injury or insult by altering their morphology, phenotype, and functions. It has long been debated whether microglial activation is detrimental or beneficial in multiple sclerosis (MS). Recently, the two opposing yet connected roles of microglial activation have been described with the aid of novel microglial markers, RNA profiling, and in vivo models. In this review, microglial phenotypes and functions in the context of MS will be discussed with evidence from both human pathological studies, in vitro and in vivo models. Microglial functional diversity—phagocytosis, antigen presentation, immunomodulation, support, and repair—will also be examined in detail. In addition, this review discusses the emerging evidence for microglia-related targets as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for MS.