Karst aquifers and water resource contamination in Haiti

Abstract

Shallow alluvial and karst aquifers and widespread inadequate sanitation practices combine to impact water resources in Haiti. The vulnerability of aquifers is complicated by complex cultural, ecological, geological, hydrological, and hydrogeological considerations. Roughly 84% of the rocks exposed in Haiti consist of calcareous rocks and alluvium. These lithologies serve as an efficient reservoir and transport mechanism for water-borne pathogens, which negatively impact the health of many Haitians. Data from 9,837 water points indicate that 75% of the water sources in the Centre, 55% in the Nord (North), and 12% in the Ouest (West) departments are considered unsafe or high risk based on World Health Organization standards. Inadequate sanitation and, in some cases, improper siting and installation of pit latrines contribute to poor water quality. Numerous safe-water intervention technologies exist and are effective at removing pathogens that contaminate water sources; however, many Haitians lack the means to obtain these solutions. Future regional precipitation and climate trends will have important implications for selecting appropriate water sources and safe-water interventions. Additional efforts to collect and compile regional water quality data are needed to better understand country-wide contamination trends and patterns.