Artisanal Mining in Rwanda: The Trade-Off Between Entrepreneurial Activity and Environmental Impact

Abstract

Rwanda is a central African country that is relatively rich in 3T minerals (tungsten, tin, and tantalum) which are necessary for electrical engineering prod- ucts. These minerals are very important for overall Rwandan exports because of the heightened demand for them in global markets. Mineral mining in Rwanda is conducted mainly as artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM). This type of mining without mechanization can mostly be found in developing countries. This chapter discusses ASM in the Rutsiro area (western Rwanda), which involves using a stream of water in which the minerals are washed. It illustrates how the mining of 3T minerals provides positive business opportunities for the local population, while it has negative impacts on the environment. Problems with erosion that deflect the flow of rivers and increase the levels of suspension and sedimentation in river basins are the biggest environmental problems connected with ASM. Despite these problems, ASM provides a possibility of increasing economic growth and securing the basic needs of local inhabitants. The earnings of the workers who mine in small groups are higher compared to incomes earned in the agricultural sector. The acquired incomes contribute to improved living standards of the workers. Higher available incomes also create opportunities for businesses in areas such as trade, transport, construction, and provision of services. Thus,the economic importance of mining for Rwanda‘s economy is evident. In 2013, Rwanda exported almost 2,500 tons of tantalum—equivalent to 28 % of the global production. Mining had a share of 30 % in the total exports during the last 5 years, amounting to a value of about US$ 230 million per year.