Dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Abstract

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease involving degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons leading to muscle spasticity, hyperreflexia, atrophy and weakness. Muscles crucial for normal swallowing and respiratory function are impacted resulting in sensorimotor impairments, specifically dysphagia and dystussia in these individuals. Current interventions consist of symptom management, including feeding tube placement, compensatory swallowing strategies, and dietary modifications. Although exercise has historically been contraindicated, preliminary evidence in animal and human research indicate potential benefits of early intervention, mild-moderate intensity exercise to preserve bulbar function for as long as possible. Additional research is warranted to identify efficacious treatment regimens to maintain and improve swallowing and respiratory function in individuals with ALS.