Bark Characterization of Tachigali guianensis and Tachigali glauca from the Amazon under a Valorization Perspective

Abstract

Barks of Tachigali guianensis and Tachigali glauca, from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest, were studied regarding anatomy and chemical composition. The barks were similar, with a narrow rhytidome, a ring of sclerified cells below the periderm, a widely dilated and sclerified nonconducting phloem, septate crystal strands, and extensive phenolic deposits in cells. Differences between the species were mainly in the sclerenchyma. Proportions of cell types in the T. guianensis and T. glauca barks were, respectively: 27.8% and 28.3% axial parenchyma, 15.6% and 15.1% sieve tube elements, 11.6% and 13.4% radial parenchyma, 15.6% and 8.7% sclereids, and 30.5% and 34.5% fibers. Chemical analysis showed that the T. guianensis and T. glauca barks included, respectively: 18.0% and 15.3% extractives, 1.8% and 1.0% suberin, 26.8% and 27.9% lignin, and 3.5% and 4.5% ash. The predominant polysaccharides were glucose (72.8% and 82.8% of total neutral sugars) and xylose (17.9% and 11.6%). Ethanol-water extracts were high in phenolics (total phenolics of 441.0 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) / g extract and 641.7 mg GAE / g extract), with moderate antioxidant activities (IC50 values of 7.3 μg extract / mL and 5.6 μg extract / mL). Tachigali guianensis bark and, particularly, T. glauca bark may be sources of phenolic compounds.