Rare earth-based nanoparticles: Biomedical applications, pharmacological and toxicological significance

Abstract

It is well established that nanomaterials play an important role in addressing various unresolved problems in biomedical research. Among these, the rare earth or lanthanide-based metal nanoparticles are increasingly explored for their potential biomedical applications. Several researchers across the globe including us reported the biological applications (magnetic resonance imaging, anticancer, antimicrobial, fluorescence, antioxidant properties) of rare earth-based nanomaterials. Furthermore, in spite of their excellent photoluminescence, magnetic resonance properties, photostability and therapeutic efficacy, there is still an issue of growing concern for the clinical applications of these rare earth nanomaterials. The desirable properties of these elements might also be equally associated with unexpected and biohazardous toxicities. Therefore, many groups have reported the comprehensive toxicity assessment (in vitro-cell lines and in vivo-rodent models) of rare earth nanomaterials. This chapter focuses on the detailed discussion of the biomedical applications of these rare earth-based nanomaterials along with their toxicological evaluation and pharmacokinetics significances. The future opportunities and challenges are also incorporated to highlight the importance for their clinical translation.