Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Subjects with Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

KEY POINTS Diet influences cardiovascular health through a number of mechanisms. Nutrition recommendations are of major importance both in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). A great body of research has examined the role of specific nutrients, including fat, carbohydrates, fiber, and alcohol, in reducing CVD risk. More recently the focus has shifted to the effect of food groups, such as fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and nuts and dairy products, and favorable dietary patterns that combine a variety of nutrients. In this perspective, a "prudent" dietary pattern, characterized by high intakes of fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish, poultry and wholegrain cereals, has been associated with significantly lower risks for CVD factors. Mediterranean dietary patterns, as well as the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) pattern, have been proven to exert significant cardioprotective effects in secondary prevention of CVD. Achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight change (as an initial goal to reduce body weight by similar to 10% from baseline), an active lifestyle (a minimum of 30 min of physical activity for most days of the week), and a balanced diet constitute the goals of the intensive counseling recommended for individuals with CVD. Effective interventions should combine nutrition education with behavior-oriented counseling to help patients acquire the skills, motivation, and support needed to alter their lifestyle patterns.