Respiration

Abstract

Respiratory rhythm is generated by a network of neurons located in the ventrolateral medulla. Neuronal interactions with several other respiratory nuclei located in the medulla and pons shape the final pattern of rhythmic drive that coordinates the activation of the rib cage and abdominal and upper airway musculature. Further, there is continuous feedback of afferent signals from mechanoreceptors in the lung, airways, and respiratory muscles that help shape the motor pattern. Feedback from chemoreceptors located peripherally and centrally adjusts the level of ventilation to match metabolic requirements and maintain homeostasis. The respiratory control system is dynamic and plastic, able to meet an enormous range of metabolic and behavioral demands. Despite its robustness, the neural control of breathing is compromised in certain developmental, state-dependent, genetic, and pathological conditions.