Removal of anti-inflammatory drugs using activated carbon from agro-industrial origin: current advances in kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic studies

Abstract

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are highly consumed around the world and consequently found as emerging pollutants in water; they are found in concentrations up to µg L−1 making their removal a priority. In this matter, adsorption is an efficient alternative for drug removal, so using activated carbon (AC) as an adsorbent is a highly explored subject. The current interest is to obtain AC from waste, for example, those of agro-industrial origin, reducing this way the overall costs of the process. Although information regarding the use of AC from agro-industrial origin in the removal of NSAIDs is limited, an exclusive compilation is required to understand the state of the art to date. This work aims to update information related to the adsorption of ibuprofen, diclofenac, and naproxen on agro-industrial AC, and it is focused on the period 2016–2021. It highlights the characteristics of agro-industrial AC responsible for efficient adsorption. Recent adsorption studies, including kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics, are analyzed and compared. Progress on removing NSAIDs from real wastewater is also presented and finally proposed adsorption mechanisms and costs related to these removal processes.