Alternative treatments

Abstract

Several alternative and nonpharmacologic treatments have been utilized more in recent years in the treatment of chronic pain due to the acceptance of the biopsychosocial model. These modalities of treatment to be reviewed include cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), biofeedback, hypnosis, and acupuncture. Multiple studies and meta-analyses support the efficacy of these treatments in improving an individual's ability to cope with pain and improve functioning and quality of life overall. Each intervention differs in its delivery and desired outcome, but there continue to be questions about the specific mechanisms in which they work with chronic pain. Most appear to also impact anxiety and depression, two common emotional responses associated with the chronic pain experience. Recommendations for future research include more standardized treatment protocols, larger sample sizes, and improved randomization methods.