Garcinia cambogia attenuates adipogenesis by affecting CEBPB and SQSTM1/p62-mediated selective autophagic degradation of KLF3 through RPS6KA1 and STAT3 suppression

Abstract

The overexpansion of adipose tissues leads to obesity and eventually results in metabolic disorders. Garcinia cambogia (G. cambogia) has been used as an antiobesity supplement. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of G. cambogia on cellular processes have yet to be fully understood. Here, we discovered that G. cambogia attenuated the expression of CEBPB (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), beta), an important adipogenic factor, suppressing its transcription in differentiated cells. In addition, G. cambogia inhibited macroautophagic/autophagic flux by decreasing autophagy-related gene expression and autophagosome formation. Notably, G. cambogia markedly elevated the expression of KLF3 (Kruppel-like factor 3 (basic)), a negative regulator of adipogenesis, by reducing SQSTM1/p62-mediated selective autophagic degradation. Furthermore, increased KLF3 induced by G. cambogia interacted with CTBP2 (C-terminal binding protein 2) to form a transcriptional repressor complex and inhibited Cebpa and Pparg transcription. Importantly, we found that RPS6KA1 and STAT3 were involved in the G. cambogia-mediated regulation of CEBPB and autophagic flux. In an obese animal model, G. cambogia reduced high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity by suppressing epididymal and inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue mass and adipocyte size, which were attributed to the regulation of targets that had been consistently identified in vitro. These findings provide new insight into the mechanism of G. cambogia-mediated regulation of adipogenesis and suggest molecular links to therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity. Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACTB: actin beta; ATG: autophagy-related; Baf: bafilomycin A1; BECN1: beclin 1; CEBP: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP); CHX: cycloheximide; CREB: cAMP response element binding protein; CTBP: C-terminal binding protein; EGCG: (-)-epigallocatechin gallate; eWAT: epididymal white; G. cambogia: Garcinia cambogia; GFP: green fluorescent protein; H&E: hematoxylin and eosin; HFD: high-fat diet; iWAT: inguinal subcutaneous white; KLF: Kruppel-like factor; LAP: liver-enriched transcriptional activating proteins; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; ND: normal diet; PPARG: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; qPCR: quantitative real-time PCR; RFP: red fluorescent protein; RPS6KA1: ribosomal protein S6 kinase A1; siRNA: small-interfering RNA; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STAT: signal transducer and activator of transcription; TEM: transmission electron microscopy.