A Redshift for the First Einstein Ring, MG 1131+0456

Abstract

MG 1131+0456 is a radio-selected gravitational lens, and is the first known Einstein ring. Discovered in 1988, the system consists of a bright ( S 74 MHz  = 3.7 Jy) radio source imaged into a ring and two compact, flat-spectrum components separated by 2.″1. The ring is optically faint ( R  = 23.3), rising steeply into the near- and mid-infrared ( K  = 17.8; W2 = 13.4). The system has been intensively studied in the intervening years, including high-resolution radio imaging, radio monitoring, and near-infrared imaging with Hubble and Keck. The lensing galaxy is at z l  = 0.844. However, to date, no spectroscopic redshift had been reported for the lensed source. Using archival Keck data from 1997, we report the robust detection of a single narrow emission line at 5438 Å, which we associate with C iii ]  λ 1909 Å from a type-2 quasar at z s  = 1.849. Support for this redshift identification comes from weaker emission associated with C iv   λ 1549 Å and He ii   λ 1640 Å, typical of type-2 quasars, as well as the lack of emission lines in archival near-infrared Keck spectroscopy. We also present, for the first time, Cycle 1 Chandra observations of MG 1131+0456, which clearly resolves into two point sources with a combined flux of ∼10 −13 erg cm −2 s −1 and a best-fit column density of ∼3 × 10 22 cm −2 . We suggest a new method to identify candidate lensed active galactic nuclei from low-resolution X-ray surveys such as eROSITA by targeting sources that have anomalously high X-ray luminosity given their mid-infrared luminosity.