Volume fraction statistics and the surface tensions of non-electrolyte solutions

Abstract

Explicit and implicit surface tension equations have been derived using both mole fraction and volume fraction statistics and have been applied to a variety of binary polar–polar, non-polar–non-polar, and non-polar–polar organic systems with good success. Average errors of less than 1% are found for a large variety of such systems with the assumption of ideal chemical potential equations and molar surface areas calculated from bulk density values. These equations are found to be valid for those systems with surface tension differences of 20 ergs/cm 2 or less. Systems with surface tension differences larger than this value would require the inclusion of activity coefficient effects.