A lower limit on the halo mass to form supermassive black holes

Abstract

We consider a scenario where supermassive black holes form through direct accumulation of gas at the centre of proto-galaxies. In the first stage, the accumulated gas forms a super-massive star whose core collapses when the nuclear fuel is exhausted, forming a black hole of MBH≈ 100M⊙. As the black hole starts accreting, it inflates the surrounding dense gas into an almost hydrostatic self-gravitating envelope, with at least 10-100 times the mass of the hole. We find that these 'quasi-stars' suffer extremely high rates of mass loss through winds from their envelopes, in analogy to very massive stars such as η-Carinae. Only for envelope masses greater than 2.8 × 105(MBH/100M⊙)9/11 is the envelope evaporation time-scale longer than the accretion time-scale of the black hole. This relation thus constitutes a 'threshold-growth line' above which quasi-stars can grow their internal black holes. Accretion rates can be 10 to 100 times the Eddington rate. The quasi-stars born in this 'growth region' with 107-108M⊙ can grow black holes with masses between 104 and 105M⊙, before crossing the threshold-growth line and dispersing their envelopes in less than 104yr. This scenario therefore predicts that massive black hole seeds can be found only in dark matter haloes with total masses larger than about 109M⊙, which can provide sufficiently high accretion rates to form such massive quasi-stars. © 2011 The Authors Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society © 2011 RAS.