Protein Kinase A Phosphorylates Dlx3 and Regulates the Function of Dlx3 during Osteoblast Differentiation

Abstract

Protein kinase A (PKA), a serine/threonine kinase, regulates bone formation, and enhances Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-induced osteoblast differentiation. However, the mechanisms of how PKA controls the cellular response to BMP are not well known. We investigated the effects of modulating PKA activity during BMP2-induced osteoblast differentiation, and found that PKA regulates the function of Dlx3. Dlx3 plays crucial roles in osteoblast differentiation and it is expressed in most skeletal elements during development. We found that PKA activation increases BMP2-induced expression of Dlx3 protein, and enhances the protein stability, DNA binding, and transcriptional activity of Dlx3. In addition, PKA activation induces the phosphorylation of Dlx3 at consensus PKA phosphorylation target site(s). Lastly, substitution of serine 10 in Dlx3 to alanine significantly reduces, if not completely abolishes, the phosphorylation of Dlx3 and the regulation of Dlx3 function by PKA. These results suggest that Dlx3 is a novel target of PKA, and that PKA mediates BMP signaling during osteoblast differentiation, at least in part, by phosphorylating Dlx3 and modulating the protein stability and function of Dlx3. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 2004-2011, 2014.