Fear: Autism Spectrum Disorder and/or Specific Phobia

Abstract

In this chapter, we examine the role of fear in the typically developing and autistic individual. Current research indicates that fears are normal and typically arise in a predictable developmental progression consistent with cognitive developmental milestones and life experience. Specific phobias, however, distinguish themselves from these fears by their stability, intensity, and the degree of interference they cause. While specific phobias are among the most prevalent disorders in those on or off the autism spectrum, there is a great deal to be learned in how research on normal fear and specific phobia in those without ASD can be applied and expanded upon for those with ASD. In addition, a number of assessment and treatment options are available to help individuals with both an ASD and specific phobia; however, the research base for these options needs significant expansion and bolstering. Davis (2012) points to a variety of challenges and areas for future study that remain for anxiety and ASD researchers to address. Researchers will continue to struggle with the degree to which downward and lateral extensions of the anxiety (and specific phobia) literature is appropriate for those with ASD. While they may remain a launching point for inquity, we are encouraged to see ASD researchers moving beyond mere adaptations or modifications of existing assessments and treatments (though a great deal more work needs to be done). As well, the use of multiple informants using multiple techniques across multiple settings will need to remain the norm, but the wealth of information that can be obtained will remain a mixed blessing given issues with agreement and disagreement between reporters, techniques, and settings. The degree to which an individual's intellectual functioning will impact findings is also an area that will need to be more fully explored. Finally, the transition to DSM-5 will likely remain an issue for the near future as diagnostic criteria, assessment methodologies, treatments, and clinicians, researchers, and families alike adjust. In looking to the future adjustment and research to come, we are hopeful that these growing pains will not be as gloomy as some predict. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). (chapter)