Shallow Seismic Methods

Abstract

This chapter covers the fundamentals of near-surface seismic techniques, including refraction, reflection, borehole, and surface-wave methods. Typical seismic applications to hydrogeology include examining sedimentology and stratigraphy, detecting geologic faults, evaluating karst conditions, and mapping the top of bedrock and the base of landslides. Other less common but promising applications include mapping hydrogeological features, assessing hydrological characteristics, measuring the depth to the water table, and assessing the decay of infrastructure (e.g., leaking pipes, storage tanks, and disposal containers).