Modelling of Bonded Soils with Unstable Structure

Abstract

In this chapter, we introduce a generic environmental modeling system that has been developed using an object-oriented approach. The Questions and Decisions™ (QnD™) model system combines both number-based calculations and value-style judgments. It can integrate ideas and data that are well-studied with concepts that are estimated from expert knowledge and experience. A specific QnD version is constructed through conversations with stake-holders and decision-makers. The wishes of the stakeholders are created within the model using configurable objects designed to be quickly made and quickly altered through subsequent learning and iteration.QnD-simulated ecosystems are represented by combinations of component, process, and data objects that are constructed through the use of XML-based input files. This design allows different ecosystem/habitat/organism/chemical combinations to be efficiently formed, simulated, and documented. The flexibility of the model is demonstrated through its non-spatial application to a terrestrial ecosystem (Kruger National Park, South Africa) and a spatial risk assessment application within an idealized US river system (as a demonstration for the US Army Corps of Engineers). Unlike traditional decision support systems that direct outputs at discipline-specific management, the model has been created as a game to stimulate discussions and analysis among managers, scientists, and stakeholders who are working increasingly closely within an adaptive management context.