Menopause Hormone Therapy Customization

Abstract

Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menses which is attributed to the exhaustion of ovarian follicles [1]. The average age of menopause is usually 51–52 years. The ovarian hormone senescence is associated with the occurrence of menopausal symptoms, including hot flushes and night sweats, sleep difficulties, depressive symptoms, headaches, musculoskeletal pain, and sexual dysfunction. A further morbidity is the genitourinary syndrome of menopause, manifesting as vaginal dryness, burning, pain at intercourse, or recurrent genitourinary infections. Postmenopausal estrogen decline leads to accelerated bone loss and to unfavorable metabolic alterations, establishing the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease [2].