Distribution, challenges, and conservation mechanism of endemic bird species in Ethiopia

Abstract

The primary purpose of this review was to search for recent information on the endemic bird species of Ethiopia, their distribution, conservation challenges, and conservation mechanism. Current data show that Ethiopia has 18 endemic bird species. Some of these species are distributed in different regions of Ethiopia (Yellow-fronted Parrot, Abyssinian Longclaw, Wattled Ibis, Blue-winged Goose, Abyssinian Catbird). In contrast, some species are restricted in a few areas (Red-billed Pytilia, Yellow-throated Serin, Salvadori's Serin). The assemblages of endemic birds diminish over time due to different conservation challenges. The primary conservation challenges are habitat disturbances caused by overgrazing and agricultural expansion around bird habitats. Agricultural land expansion is the most dominant driver for habitat loss, which, combined with unsustainable forest management, contributes to the most significant cause of species aggregate in some less disturbed areas. Hunting for egg collection and for food, as their meat is prized for its flavor and supposed medicinal properties, pose significant challenges for conserving these species. Habitat restoration, establishing new conservation areas and protection plans, creating awareness, and developing a sense of ownership are the major conservation mechanisms for protecting endemic birds in Ethiopia.