Japanese Anthropometric Reference Data - Special Emphasis on Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis of Muscle Mass

Abstract

PURPOSE: In order to provide anthropometric reference data of body composition of Japanese, values measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) were summed. METHODS: Healthy subjects leading a conventional lifestyle (4,365 males and 5,970 females) were selected. Their height and body weight were measured. Body fat amount, body fat percentage, lean body mass, water content, total muscle mass, bone mass, upper arm muscle mass, forearm muscle mass, thigh muscle mass, lower leg muscle mass, and quadriceps muscle mass were measured using BIA (Physion-XP or MD, Physion Co., Ltd., Kyoto) and weight-bearing index (WBI, quadriceps muscle maximal strength/body weight) was calculated. RESULTS: Body fat amount showed an upward curve which plateaued in the age range of 40 to 79 years in both sexes. lean body mass and water content decreased after 50 years in both sexes. Bone mass decreased from the 80's in males and 60's in females. Total muscle mass, upper arm muscle mass, forearm muscle mass, thigh muscle mass, and quadriceps muscle mass decreased from the 50's to 60's in both sexes. The extent was more prominent in males. Lower leg muscle mass was nearly constant in males and females. WBI gradually decreased from the 30's in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: To date, large-scale body composition data of healthy Japanese subjects have not been available. Application of the present data to assessment of nutrition status in various daily clinical diseases and to training and rehabilitation are expected in the future. For the development of anti-aging medicine, establishment of diagnostic or assessment methods for the extent and risk factors of aging is urgent. This requires collecting and providing anthropometric data concerning sexual differences and changes accompanying aging. To date, the authors have so far organized and reported various Japanese anthropometric data. In "Japanese Anthropometric Reference Data (JARD) 2001", nine reference items from healthy subjects (2,738 males, 2,754 females) (height, body weight, BMI, upper arm circumference, lower leg circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, subscapular skinfold thickness, upper arm muscle circumference, and upper arm plane dimension) were presented. 1) Standard values for mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, beryllium, and aluminum content in the hair of healthy Japanese subjects (2201 cases in males, 3645 cases in females) were presented. 2) The purpose of the present paper was to provide standard anthropometric data of the Japanese body composition measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Although many types of BIA equipment are used today to assess body composition both domestically and abroad, we used Physion-XP or MD (Physion Co., Ltd., Kyoto). 3,4) The values of skeletal muscle volume obtained using these models correlated well with those obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This study focused on sexual differences and changes accompanying aging in muscle mass. Our results will be helpful background data for functional-age assessment of the muscular system in medical institutions practicing anti-aging medicine. Abstract Introduction