Does adolescent incivility longitudinally predict future bullying?

Abstract

Introduction: Adolescent bullying is a complicated behavior that is difficult to prevent. Understanding factors that predict bullying during adolescence can help us minimize such behavior. Classroom incivility is a low-level antisocial behavior that has been discussed in the literature as being a potential predictor of bullying in adolescence. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine the longitudinal link between classroom incivility and bullying. Methods: Data for the current study was collected using quantitative surveys at two-time points, three years apart (November 2019 and November 2022) in southern Ontario, Canada. Our sample comprised 349 adolescents (51.3% boys, 46.4% girls, 0.6% other, and 1.7% preferred not to say) between the ages of 9 and 14 years old (M = 11.92 years; SD = 1.42). We utilized cross-lagged analyses to examine the stability of classroom incivility in adolescence, and the longitudinal association between classroom incivility and bullying. Results: Classroom incivility at Time 1 predicted bullying behavior at Time 2, while bullying at Time 1 did not predict classroom incivility at Time 2. Our results not only support the stability of levels of classroom incivility across time, but also provide empirical support for classroom incivility as a precursor to bullying behavior. Conclusion: Our study suggests that classroom incivility can not only negatively impact the learning environment but may also be implicated in contributing to the circumstances that promote bullying behavior in adolescence, highlighting the importance of limiting uncivil behavior before it escalates into more severe forms of behavior.