Biophysical characterization of gp41 aggregates suggests a model for the molecular mechanism of HIV-associated neurological damage and dementia

Abstract

In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, the level of the HIV envelope protein gp41 in brain tissue is correlated with neurological damage and dementia. In this paper we show by biochemical methods and electron microscopy that the extracellular ectodomain of purified HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus gp41 (e-gp41) forms a mixture of soluble high molecular weight aggregate and native trimer at physiological pH. The e-gp41 aggregate is shown to be largely α-helical and relatively stable to denaturants. The high molecular weight form of e-gp41 is variable in size ranging from 7 to 70 trimers, which associate by interactions at the interior of the aggregate involving the loop that connects the N- and C-terminal helices of the e-gp41 core. The trimers are predominantly arranged with their long axes oriented radially, and the width of the high molecular weight aggregate corresponds to the length of two e-gp41 trimers (~200 Å). Using both light and electron microscopy combined with immunohistochemistry we show that HIV gp41 accumulates as an extracellular aggregate in the brains of HIV- infected patients diagnosed with dementia. We postulate that the high molecular weight aggregates of e-gp41 are responsible for HIV-associated neurological damage and dementia, consistent with known mechanisms of encephalopathy.