An integrative approach to the analysis of pattern formation in butterfly wings: Experiments and models

Abstract

Color patterning in butterfly wings is one of the most beautiful and spectacular examples of pattern formation in biology. We see, at first glance, a complex and rich diversity in wing color patterns. However, if we look at these patterns in details, we can find principles, or rules governing how the patterns are formed, and we can also find some specific features, or aspects to allow us to understand the underlying mechanisms of pattern formation, such as the "genetic", "ecological", "developmental", "biochemical", "molecular evolutionary" and "food plant" aspects. It is clear that we cannot not ignore any of these aspects to realize the diversity and evolution of wing color patterns. Rather, we must integrate these aspects if we are to fully understand the patterning process. Recently, in order to elucidate the underlying evolutionary strategies of living organisms, new insights have emerged in non-model organisms such as butterflies more than in the so-called model organisms. In this paper, I briefly review the above-mentioned aspects of pattern formation of wing color patterns in relation to their evolution. I will also stress the integrative approaches required to understand the diversity in wing patterns and rules governing the pattern formation. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013.