Inhibition of Rel/Nuclear Factor-κb signaling in skin results in defective DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest and Ha-ras- and p53-independent tumor development

Abstract

In recent years a growth inhibitory role in skin for the Rel/NF-κB transcription factors has been established, and the block of Rel/NF-κB signaling results in rapid development of spontaneous skin cancer. The molecular mechanism underlying tumor development is however unknown. In the present study, we show that inhibition of NF-κB signaling in mouse skin by targeted expression of degradation resistant IκB-α generates transgenic keratinocytes unable to arrest the cell cycle in response to DNA damage induced by ψ-radiation. The results indicate that transgenic keratinocytes have a defect at the G1-S checkpoint whereas the G2-M checkpoint response was found to be intact. However, transgenic keratinocytes still respond by induction of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21Cip1/Waf after exposure to γ-radiation. In the spontaneous skin tumors that develop in transgenic mice no mutations were found in the Haras or p53 gene, suggesting that inhibition of NF-κB signaling in skin can induce cancer development independently of initiating mutations in the Ha-fas gene or additional mutations in the p53 gene. These findings demonstrate an involvement of NF-κB signaling in the DNA damage response and cell cycle checkpoint control in the skin.