Increased expression of placenta growth factor in COPD

Abstract

Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor may have an important role in the pathogenesis of emphysema. The effect of another angiogenic factor, placenta growth factor (PIGF), in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is unknown. Methods: The serum levels of VEGF and PIGF in patients with COPD (n = 184), smokers (n = 212) and non-smokers (n = 159) and the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid levels of VEGF and PIGF in another group (20 patients with COPD, 18 controls) were measured. In vitro cell culture experiments were performed to investigate the effect of PIGF on VEGF. Results: The mean (SE) serum levels of PIGF were significantly higher in patients with COPD than in controls (27.1 (7.4) pg/ml vs 12.3 (5.1) pg/ml in smokers and 10.8 (6.3) pg/ml in non-smokers, p = 0.005). The levels of PIGF in BAL fluid were also significantly higher in patients with COPD than in controls (45.7 (12.3) pg/ml vs 23.9 (7.6) pg/ml, p = 0.005), associated with an increase in the cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8). In patients with COPD the levels of PIGF correlated inversely with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) in serum (r = -0.59, p = 0.002) and in BAL fluid (r = -0.51, p = 0.001). While the serum levels of VEGF were the same in patients with COPD and controls, the BAL fluid levels were significantly lower in patients with COPD than in controls (127.5 (30.1) pg/ml vs 237.8 (36.1) pg/ml, p = 0.002). In cultured bronchial epithelial cells, proinflammatory cytokines induced an increase in the protein expression of both PIGF and VEGF. Continuous concomitant treatment with PIGF, TNF-α and IL-8 stimulation reduced VEGF expression and induced cell death. This phenomenon was suppressed by VEGF receptor inhibitor (CBO-P11). Conclusions: The serum and BAL fluid levels of PIGF are increased in patients with COPD and are inversely correlated with FEV1. Concomitant treatment with PIGF, TNF-α and IL-8 causes detrimental effects on airway epithelial cells. These data suggest that bronchial epithelial cells can express PIGF, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of COPD.