Silibinin sensitizes TRAIL-mediated apoptosis by upregulating DR5 through ROS-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress-Ca2+- CaMKII-Sp1 pathway

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Abstract

In this study, we addressed how silibinin enhances tumor necrosis factorrelated apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis in various cancer cells. Combined treatment with silibinin and TRAIL (silibinin/TRAIL) induced apoptosis accompanied by the activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and Bax, and cytosolic accumulation of cytochrome c. Anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, IAP-1, and IAP-2 were inhibited as well. Silibinin also triggered TRAIL-induced apoptosis in A549 cells through upregulation of death receptor 5 (DR5). Pretreatment with DR5/Fc chimeric protein and DR5-targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly blocked silibinin/TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in A549 cells. Furthermore, silibinin increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which led to the induction of TRAILmediated apoptosis through DR5 upregulation. Antioxidants such as N-acetyl-Lcysteine and glutathione reversed the apoptosis-inducing effects of TRAIL. Silibinin further induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as was indicated by the increase in ER marker proteins such as PERK, eIF2a, and ATF-4, which stimulate the expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP). CHOP-targeted siRNA eliminated the induction of DR5 and resulted in a significant decrease in silibinin/ TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. We also found that silibinin/TRAIL-induced apoptosis was accompanied with intracellular influx of Ca2+, which was stimulated by ER stress and the Ca2+ chelator, ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA). Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII) inhibitor, K252a, blocked silibinin/TRAIL-induced DR5 expression along with TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Accordingly, we showed that ROS/ ER stress-induced CaMKII activated Sp1, which is an important transcription factor for DR5 expression. Our results showed that silibinin enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis by upregulating DR5 expression through the ROS-ER stress-CaMKII-Sp1 axis.

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Dilshara, M. G., Jayasooriya, R. G. P. T., Molagoda, I. M. N., Jeong, J. W., Lee, S., Park, S. R., … Choi, Y. H. (2018). Silibinin sensitizes TRAIL-mediated apoptosis by upregulating DR5 through ROS-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress-Ca2+- CaMKII-Sp1 pathway. Oncotarget, 9(12), 10324–10342. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.23129

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