Data augmentation schemes for deep learning in an indoor positioning application

Abstract

In this paper, we propose two data augmentation schemes for deep learning architecture that can be used to directly estimate user location in an indoor environment using mobile phone tracking and electronic fingerprints based on reference points and access points. Using a pretrained model, the deep learning approach can significantly reduce data collection time, while the runtime is also significantly reduced. Numerical results indicate that an augmented training database containing seven days’ worth of measurements is sufficient to generate acceptable performance using a pretrained model. Experimental results find that the proposed augmentation schemes can achieve a test accuracy of 89.73% and an average location error that is as low as 2.54 m. Therefore, the proposed schemes demonstrate the feasibility of data augmentation using a deep neural network (DNN)-based indoor localization system that lowers the complexity required for use on mobile devices.