The physical demands of the tree (Vriksasana) and one-leg balance (Utthita Hasta Padangusthasana) poses performed by seniors: A biomechanical examination

Abstract

Yoga is considered especially suitable for seniors because poses can be modified to accommodate practitioners' capabilities and limitations. In this study, biomechanical assessments on healthy seniors (n=20; 70.1±3.8 yr) were used to quantify the physical demands, (net joint moments of force [JMOFs] and muscular activation in the lower extremities) associated with the performance of 3 variations (introductory, intermediate, advanced) of 2 classical Hatha yoga poses Tree and One-Leg Balance (OLB). ANOVA and Cohen's-d were used to contrast the postural variations statistically. The advanced (single-limb, without additional support) versions were hypothesized to generate the greatest demands, followed by the intermediate (single-limb [Tree] and bilateral-limb [OLB] with support) and introductory (bilateral-limb) versions. Our findings, however, suggest that common, long-held conceptions about pose modifications can be counter-intuitive. There was no difference between the intermediate and advanced Tree variations regarding hip and knee JMOFs in both the sagittal and frontal planes (P=0.130.98). Similarly, OLB introductory and intermediate variations induced sagittal JMOFs that were in the opposite direction of the classic advanced pose version at the hip and knee (P.001; d=0.982.36). These biomechanical insights provide evidence that may be used by instructors, clinicians and therapists when selecting pose modifications for their yoga participants. © 2012 Sean S.-Y. Yu et al.