Natural evidence of coronaviral 2′-O-methyltransferase activity affecting viral pathogenesis via improved substrate RNA binding

Abstract

Previous studies through targeted mutagenesis of K-D-K-E motif have demonstrated that 2′-O-MTase activity is essential for efficient viral replication and immune evasion. However, the K-D-K-E catalytic motif of 2′-O-MTase is highly conserved across numerous viruses, including flaviviruses, vaccinia viruses, coronaviruses, and extends even to mammals. Here, we observed a stronger 2′-O-MTase activity in SARS-CoV-2 compared to SARS-CoV, despite the presence of a consistently active catalytic center. We further identified critical residues (Leu-36, Asn-138 and Ile-153) which served as determinants of discrepancy in 2′-O-MTase activity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. These residues significantly enhanced the RNA binding affinity of 2′-O-MTase and boosted its versatility toward RNA substrates. Of interest, a triple substitution (Leu36 → Ile36, Asn138 → His138, Ile153 → Leu153, from SARS-CoV-2 to SARS-CoV) within nsp16 resulted in a proportional reduction in viral 2′-O-methylation and impaired viral replication. Furthermore, it led to a significant upregulation of type I interferon (IFN-I) and proinflammatory cytokines both in vitro and vivo, relying on the cooperative sensing of melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) and laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2). In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that alterations in residues other than K-D-K-E of 2′-O-MTase may affect viral replication and subsequently influence pathogenesis. Monitoring changes in nsp16 residues is crucial as it may aid in identifying and assessing future alteration in viral pathogenicity resulting from natural mutations occurring in nsp16.