Pleural Empyema

Abstract

Pleural infection is commonly encountered by respiratory physicians. Although the incidence of empyema diminished significantly following the introduction of antibiotics in the 1940s, from the 1990s its incidence has been on the rise worldwide. The clinical presentation of pleural empyema can be extremely variable, and this can lead to diagnostic and management issues. In fact, the mortality from pleural infection remains high, as well as related costs. Prompt evaluation and therapeutic intervention can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality rates. The chapter provides a review of the epidemiology, microbiology and pathogenesis of pleural infection. Moreover, currently available diagnostic methods are also described, as well, the most widely used therapeutic options are discussed.