A Model CNS Fungal Infection: Cryptococcal Meningitis

Abstract

Cryptococcus spp. are considered ‘model yeasts’, and the reasons for that are the topic of this review. Several perspectives will be discussed, starting with their characterization and emergence as human pathogens before moving onto their adaptations and the scientific response. The section on characterization illustrates the progress of knowledge and technology over the 120 years since Cryptococcus was first identified, whilst the section on emergence sees this applied to describe the expansion of the host population and environmental niche. The ongoing outbreak in the Pacific northwest of North America is discussed, including some of its drivers. The section on adaptation highlights some insights into how eukaryotes adapt both to their environment and within hosts, and the final section covers the scientific response to this threat in terms of treatment and prevention. The review highlights both clinical and laboratory features of particular interest and places them into the wider context of this still emerging threat.