An X-Ray Survey of Very Young Stellar Objects

Abstract

Several recent studies with the ROSAT and ASCA satellites have reported X-ray emission from Class I protostars. We present here an X-ray survey of 156 protostellar sources using archived ROSAT PSPC pointed observations. Targets are drawn from four samples: low-temperature objects in nearby star forming regions, Herbig-Haro outflow sources, CO outflow sources, and Class 0 embedded protostars. Over 90% are not detected at the 3 σ limit over the 1.0–2.4 keV band, with upper limits of 0.1–40 counts ks-1 corresponding to log LX ≃ 28–33 ergs s-1. Of the 11 detected objects, 10 are either Class II or III stars or previously detected Class I protostars. One new Class I source, Ced 110 IRS 6 in the Chamaeleon I cloud, is found. The X-ray luminosity function of protostars is calculated, but is quite uncertain. We conclude that X-ray emission from protostars has a broad luminosity function and that very X-ray luminous (LX ≳ 1031 ergs s-1) protostars are rare.