Sensitive Raman detection of human recombinant interleukin-6 mediated by DCDR/GERS hybrid platforms

Abstract

Recombinant human interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a key cytokine that plays an important role in the immune system and inflammatory response, explaining why any modification of its concentration in biological fluids is considered a signal of a pathological condition. Therefore, it is important to develop alternative, highly sensitive and reliable analytical methodologies to detect and identify this analyte in biological fluids. Herein, we present a proof of concept for the development of a new analytical hybrid platform for IL-6 detection that is based on the combination of drop-coating deposition Raman (DCDR) spectroscopy and graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (GERS) effects. The sensitivity limits for IL-6 detection were found to be a function of the type of substrate used. When a 1 μL droplet of IL-6 solution is deposited and dried on an Si substrate, a DCDR effect occurs, and a detection limit below 1 ng mL-1 is obtained; however, when the same is performed using a hybrid substrate of reduced graphene oxide and silicon (rGO/Si), the joint action of DCDR and GERS effects results in a detection limit well below 1 pg mL-1. It is important to note that this result implies the absolute mass detection of 1 fg of IL-6. In summary, the Raman spectroscopy DCDR/GERS analytical platform proposed here allows the reliable identification of, as well as the very sensitive detection of, IL-6 and promises to improve the performance of clinical evaluations of this biomarker that are currently in use. In this study, the Raman spectra of IL-6 in powder and solution, together with the corresponding band assignment, are presented for the first time in the literature.