RNA polymerase sliding on DNA can couple the transcription of nearby bacterial operons

Abstract

DNA transcription initiates after an RNA polymerase (RNAP) molecule binds to the promoter of a gene. In bacteria, the canonical picture is that RNAP comes from the cytoplasmic pool of freely diffusing RNAP molecules. Recent experiments suggest the possible existence of a separate pool of polymerases, competent for initiation, which freely slide on the DNA after having terminated one round of transcription. Promoter-dependent transcription reinitiation from this pool of posttermination RNAP may lead to coupled initiation at nearby operons, but it is unclear whether this can occur over the distance and timescales needed for it to function widely on a bacterial genome in vivo. Here, we mathematically model the hypothesized reinitiation mechanism as a diffusion-to-capture process and compute the distances over which significant interoperon coupling can occur and the time required. These quantities depend on molecular association and dissociation rate constants between DNA, RNAP, and the transcription initiation factor 70; we measure these rate constants using single-molecule experiments in vitro. Our combined theory/experimental results demonstrate that efficient coupling can occur at physiologically relevant 70 concentrations and on timescales appropriate for transcript synthesis. Coupling is efficient over terminator–promoter distances up to ∼1,000 bp, which includes the majority of terminator–promoter nearest neighbor pairs in the Escherichia coli genome. The results suggest a generalized mechanism that couples the transcription of nearby operons and breaks the paradigm that each binding of RNAP to DNA can produce at most one messenger RNA.