Surface micromorphology and structure of stainless and maraging steel obtained via selective laser melting: A mössbauer spectroscopy study

Abstract

Selective laser melting (SLM) as an additive manufacturing method makes it possible to quickly produce complexly shaped three-dimensional (3D) metal specimens from a powder. This work describes how SLM affects the surface phase composition of a 3D printed specimen, as analyzed with conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (CEMS), conversion X-ray Mössbauer spectroscopy (CXMS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Both stainless 1.4404 (CL20ES) steel and maraging 1.2709 (CL50WS) steel have been investigated. A transformation of the phase composition from the ferritic phase into an austenitic one was proven by comparing the initial CL50WS powder and the final specimen using CXMS. This transformation takes place during the SLM process. No transformation was identified in stainless steel. The differences identified via CEMS between the surface phase composition of the final non-annealed specimens and the surface of the final annealed specimens demonstrated the oxidation of the surface layer. The oxidation occurs during the annealing of the sample in surface layers less than 1 µm thick. The quality of the surface was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which presented imperfections on the face of the final specimen. Granules of the initial powder bonded to the surface of the specimen and both irregular and spherical pores were observed.