NUCLEAR BATTERIES FOR IMPLANTABLE APPLICATIONS.

Abstract

Various types of nuclear batteries are reviewed and isotope selection for them is discussed. The plutonium-238 isotope meets all the requirements for a heat source, being high in energy density, being low in radiation level, and having a long half-life. Detailed characteristics of the plutonium-238 isotope are presented. A representative plutonium-powered thermoelectric nuclear battery is illustrated and prevention of possible accidents with the release of radioactive materials into the biosphere is considered. Thermopile and fuel capsule designs are extensively discussed. Thermal analysis and radiation effects, licensing requirements and applications of nuclear batteries as well as their reliability are further points examined.