An ultra-low field SQUID magnetometer for measuring antiferromagnetic and weakly remanent magnetic materials at low temperatures

Abstract

A novel setup for measuring magnetic fields of antiferromagnets (i.e., quadrupolar or higher-order magnetic fields) and generally weakly remanent magnetic materials is presented. The setup features a highly sensitive superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer with a magnetic field resolution of ∼ 10 fT and non-electric temperature control of the sample space for a temperature range of 1.5-65 K with a non-electric sample movement drive and optical position encoding. To minimize magnetic susceptibility effects, the setup components are degaussed and realized with plastic materials in sample proximity. Running the setup in magnetically shielded rooms allows for a well-defined ultra-low magnetic background field well below 150 nT in situ. The setup enables studies of inherently weak magnetic materials, which cannot be measured with high field susceptibility setups, optical methods, or neutron scattering techniques, giving new opportunities for the research on, e.g., spin-spiral multiferroics, skyrmion materials, and spin ices.