Biomass potential as an alternative resource for valuable products in the perspective of environmental sustainability and a circular economy system

Abstract

The increasing interest in environmental sustainability and its economic aspects has triggered scientific investigations on biomass's potential as a new alternative source. Various fields like wastewater treatment, energy, construction material, and fertilizer are connected to biomaterial utilization. This review article discusses current literature related to the implementation of unused and low-cost biomass as either primary or supporting materials that could result in new products with higher economic value. Biomass consisting of plant parts such as rubber seed, eucalyptus bark, rice husks, fruit peels, or animal remnants like animal bones have been effective and potential for further processing. Furthermore, literature has shown that final products supported by or derived from processed biomass materials have potential competitiveness with other typical products entirely made from conventional sources like adsorbents, biofuel, concrete additives, and biofertilizers. After a comprehensive critical review of the relevant present literature, a concise summary can be drawn that biomass waste has reliability and potential function as an alternative resource to obtain low-cost materials for useful products making, and to overcome environmental damages due to increasing organic waste disposal.