Quantum Information, Games and Computation

Abstract

In this Chapter we give a review of quantum information, quantum game theory, quantum computation and classical electronic for quantum computing. 6.1 Quantum Information and Computing 6.1.1 Entanglement, Teleportation and Information Any storage, transmission, and processing of information relies on a physical carrier [Lan91]. In a handwritten note the sheet of paper serves as the carrier of information, in a desk top computer it is the random access memory and the hard drive on which the relevant data are stored. Communication makes use of sound waves, radio waves, or light pulses. The new field of quantum information is based on the idea that single quantum systems can be used as the elementary carriers of information, such as single photons, atoms, and ions. Quantum theory opens up new possibilities for information processing and communication [BEZ00, EJ96, NC00, Ste98, PV98]. In principle, quantum systems allow for information processing tasks which are very difficult or impossible to be performed when using classical systems. Envisioned applications range from the factorization of large numbers on a quantum computer to communication protocols, and key distribution in quantum cryptography. Quantum theory may become relevant to technical development in information processing mainly for two reasons [Eis01]. On the one hand, the information processing and storage units in ordinary, "classical" computers are becoming smaller and smaller. The dimensions of transistor elements in silicon-based microchips are decreasing to the extent that they will be approaching scales in which quantum effects become relevant in the near future. On the other hand, it has become technologically possible to store and manipulate single quantum systems, e.g., with sophisticated methods from quantum optics and solid state physics [BEZ00, NC00].